Emissions: cut or pay

 

Some of the debates at the global Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention of Climate Change, COP 19, in Poland last year were dominated by the Philippines storm disaster, sometimes seen as at least partly climate change related, and by the prospect of compensation being sought by victims of major climate change related events in future. But who to sue? A new report list 90 companies who produced 63% of the cumulative global emissions of industrial CO2 and methane between 1751 and 2010. They include big coal and oil companies. Some may be feeling bit nervous. Litigation may have its merits, but it mostly earns lawyers fat fees; what we really need is changed policies for the future-though fear of litigation may lead to that. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y  But see the Onion’s satirical take on it: we are all responsible http://t.co/gPQaXKQzAP.

At the COP in Warsaw, an ‘international mechanism for loss and damage’ was agreed, but who knows what that means in practice. A perhaps more positive line was offered by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), emphasing proactive and retargeted investment, in a context where, UNEP says, annual subsidies for fossil fuel have neared £600bn, 10 times more than for renewables. We need a change. See: www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a626880c-52cb-11e3-a73e-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=uk#axzz2lk4RypoG.

The potential for a new climate deal at the COP in Paris in 2015, for 2020 and beyond, is still alive, even after what Greenpeace called the ‘bitter and divisive conference in Warsaw, which the Polish hosts tried to run as a showcase for the coal industry’. Although China, India,Venezuela and several other developing countries wanted to stay with the now lapsed Kyoto formula, under which only developed countries were mandated to make carbon cuts, agreement was reached that all countries would submit carbon reduction targets to the next COP. However, there was no agreement on their legal status, or on the level of aid each of  the developed countries should be required to offer to compensate for their historical emissions. A global sum of £100bn p.a by 2020 has been proposed. It’s not as if the perpetrators cannot afford it. A report from the Overseas Development Institute says that the 11 richest high-carbon countries provided a subsidy of $7 for every tonne of greenhouse gas emitted from fossil fuel combustion in 2011 www.odi.org.uk/subsidies-change-the-game

Some radical reallocation is needed.  On way ahead was offered by the UN ‘Sustainable energy for all’ initiative.  The World Bank and United Nations have appealed for billions of dollars to provide electricity for the poorest nations. World Bank president Jim Yong Kim said $600-$800 bn a year will be needed to meet the campaign target of universal access to electricity, doubling energy efficiency and doubling the share of renewable energy by 2030. In some countries, only 10% of the population has electricity. Kim said the World Bank is preparing energy plans for 42 countries. But he added ‘We don't do nuclear energy’, explaining that ‘Nuclear power from country to country is an extremely political issue. The World Bank Group does not engage in providing support for nuclear power. We think that this is an extremely difficult conversation that every country is continuing to have. And because we are really not in that business our focus is on finding ways of working in hydro electric power in geo-thermal, in solar, in wind’. Source: AFP/Google.

That’s very much in line with what the World Energy Council now sees as the way ahead. Its latest report says ‘No renaissance of nuclear energy is anticipated.’ While in terms of total primary energy, the share of renewable energy sources globally will increase from around 15% in 2010 to 20-30% in 2050, it thinks nuclear energy will only contribute 4-11% of total primary energy supply 2050– compared to 6% in 2010. But even with renewables supply perhaps up to 48% of global electricity by 2050, that still means a lot of fossil fuel would be used, which is why it is very keen to promote energy saving, along with CCS, in addition to renewables. 

www.worldenergy.org/publications/2013/world-energy-scenarios-composing-energy-futures-to-205 and www.worldenergy.org/news-and-media/news/world-energy-council-issues-official-statement-ahead-of-22nd-world-energy-congress/

However there is a way to go and it is getting ever more urgent. After reviewing a large number of new studies, UNEP warned it might not be possible to tackle climate if the world waits until 2020 since it will be ‘locked in’ to fossil fuel-based infrastructure, and energy saving opportunities will have been lost. It called on governments to step up action to prevent catastrophic climate change. But we seem instead just to get excuses and special pleading about the costs of phasing out fossil fuels and using renewables. It understandable then that some see cash raids on those responsible as a next step. Nevertheless, UNEP does also offer some other options. For example, it says simply tightening up the rules governing pledges in the climate negotiations could narrow the gap by about 1-2 GtCO2e, while if countries implement the maximum reductions already pledged without conditions could narrow it by 2-3 GtCO2e’. http://www.unep.org/emissionsgapreport2013/  A new report from the International Institute for Environment and Development also offers strategies for socially equitable and inclusive paths to sustainability: http://pubs.iied.org/17183IIED

We are not short of advice, analysis and proposals. What we now need is action. One practical approach is divestment- withdrawl of support for undesirable projects by investors, as promoted by American environmental activist Bill McKibben. So far the main focus has been on endowmement links by schools, colleges and universities. But it could spread. For an interesting overview see: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/warsaw-climate-conference-shows-capitalism-root-of-climate-failure-a-937453.html

Energy- new players, new plays

 
The energy world is changing. The USA has drastically reduced its oil and gas imports, in part due to the arrival of shale gas, while despite its rapid expansion of renewables, China has become a net importer of coal, due to its continuing economic boom. Shale gas has yet to make much of a mark in Europe, but the demise of nuclear power and the spread of wind and PV solar has been hitting the profits of the big energy utilities in Germany.

The German situation illustrates what may well happen around the world as renewables expand. Income from nuclear plants has dwindled and the fossil plants can’t compete with PV, backed as it is by the Feed In Tariff (FiT) system, during peak daytime production periods, and wind is often cheaper at night, so the utilities are having to abandon some existing gas plants and are halting plans for new ones. With over 30GW of wind and over 30GW GW of PV on the grid so far and more expected, plans for around 20GW of new fossil plants look like being withdrawn.  See http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-11/german-utilities-hammered-in-market-favoring-renewables.html

The result of these changes should be lower emissions and, with no fuel costs, cheaper energy for consumers, offsetting the cost of paying for the FiTs.  However, longer term there is the problem that wind and PV need backup, and gas plants are one option.  Modern flexible coal-fired CHP plants can also play a role, and some are being built in Germany under earlier plans. But unless they have carbon capture and storage added, the result could be increased emissions, although that will be limited since they are replacing older much less efficient plants.  Other types of backup are less problematic. Pumped hydro storage is already used and is being extended, as are other forms of storage. For example the wind-to-gas option, involves converting the excess electricity, produced by wind farms when wind is high but demand low, into hydrogen and then methane, to be used to generate power when demand is high and wind low. Smart grid demand-side management options are also being explored.   But it will take time to get these new systems up and working on a significant scale.

So there are problems, but they are not insurmountable.  That is not the message you will get from the UK Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF), which has been relaying (and writing) news items which claim that the German green energy programme is collapsing and that coal is taking over.  And that this trend is spreading. See for example http://www.thegwpf.org/benny-peiser-europe-pulls-plug-green-future/

The GWPF is strongly pro shale gas and nuclear, so it is faced with some difficulties in relation to the USA, where nuclear has been undermined by shale gas, as well as by renewables. For example EDF has withdrawn from the US nuclear market, saying that it sees "no room for nuclear to expand in the U.S. at this time." It will shift its focus in the U.S. to renewable energy sources. Toshiba’s plans for new plants in Texas have been abandoned as have Duke Energy’s plans for new reactors in Florida and in North Carolina.  With existing plants also closing due to poor economics, and wind and PV solar booming, the output from renewables has overtaken that from nuclear.

EDF is still pressing ahead with nuclear in the UK.  Maybe because it’s one of the few places left in the western EU where new nuclear might stand a chance. EDF’s home territory, France, is off the agenda for the moment- since the new government is debating how many of its existing plants to shut down!  Italy and Belgium are no goes. Austria, Ireland and Denmark too. But the UK remains a possibility.   Given the relatively low level of support by the UK government, renewables may not be seen as a big threat  (their UK percentage  contribution so far is small by comparison with Germany) and shale gas will take time to build, if it goes ahead fully.  And of course the government seems willing to provide financial inducements for nuclear – like the £10bn investment  risk guarantee offered to EDF. This may not be enough. When they withdrew from the UK Horizon nuclear programme in 2012, E.ON said  ‘We have come to the conclusion that investments in renewable energies, decentralised generation and energy efficiency are more attractive- both for us and for our British customers.’  Certainly the potential for renewable expansion in the UK is very large, much more so than in Germany, which doesn’t have the same offshore renewable resource.

Japan is not so well blessed with renewables as the UK, but it is trying to develop offshore wind and PV, as part of its attempt to replace nuclear. Shale gas isn’t much an option there, but offshore methane hydrates might be. Otherwise, renewables apart, its gas imports or back to nuclear!

China is the leader in renewables, with around 70GW of wind now in place, followed by the EU and the USA.  As for the rest of the world, renewables continue to look like the best bet for most of the Middle East, although progress in Africa remains slow, less so in Latin America, but everywhere nuclear vendors are looking for toe holds to expand out of Asia- where India and S Korea remain strong players.  The joker in the pack is Russia- buttressed by gas exports and very keen on nuclear, but pretty indifferent to renewables

So overall, with local variations, the global situation is in flux in something of three cornered fight – nuclear v renewables v shale gas, with, as ever, energy saving left on the margins, but coal still threatening to make serious in-roads. Guess which options are best for the planet! But the stakes are high. Ed Davey, UK Energy secretary said  “There are some countries with a very large nuclear industry. If they close, we don’t have a cat in hell’s chance of tackling climate change. I would love to think we can replace that with renewables alone, but frankly we won’t be able to.” http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/08/14/eu-nuclear-idINL6N0GE0YH20130814  See my response: www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/2199090/sustainable_energy_for_all.htm

The global state of play is reviewed in my new book, ‘Renewables; a review of sustainable energy supply options’  published by the Institute of Physics. http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-750-31040-6

In Praise of PV Solar

 

While still backing nuclear (although not the current type!), the Guardian’s George Monbiot had a go at PV: ‘If every square metre of roof and suitable wall in the UK were covered with solar panels, they would produce 9% of the energy currently provided by fossil fuels’. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/21/farce-hinckley-nuclear-reactor-haunt-britain

No one suggests that PV could meet all our energy needs. But UK PV trade lobbyist Solar Portal has suggested that PV on only 1% of total UK land area could meet all the UK’s electricity needs: www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/if_solar_covered_one_percent_of_the_uk_it_would_meet_the_countrys_2356 

That may be oversimplified, and it does mean building a lot of solar farms, but the general point is clear- PV could supply a lot of electricity. But so could wind, on and offshore. And wave and tidal. Which means that, since we could at times have a lot of surplus green electricity,  some of the PV output could perhaps  also be used supply some heat, thus saving gas.  You could for example run the spare PV electricity into storage heater system or an immersion heater. See for example www.immersun.co.uk. There are also some interesting PV-thermal hybrid systems emerging which absorb heat as well as light. The technical point is that PV cell efficiency falls of with rising temperatures so it is helpful to cool them. Adding a solar heat absorber does just that, increasing the units overall energy efficiency dramatically. Naked Energy’s ‘Virtu’ hybrid PV/solar thermal panel is claimed  to be able  to supply ~ 3 times as  much energy (as heat and electricity ) as a normal PV panel of the same power rating. http://www.nakedenergy.co.uk

Surplus PV electricity can also be used to charge battery Electric Vehicles. So it would be offsetting petrol use too. It is also possible to used PV electricity make  hydrogen by electrolysis and from there you can produce synfuels for vehicles. So there are technologies that would allow PV to meet heat, power and transport needs. Not all of them, but some.

How much can we expect? Last summer the UK’s then 2.3 GW of PV briefly supplied  about 2% of UK electricity. By 2020 DECC say PV might expand to 10GW or even  20GW in the UK, in which case, on these figures, at times it might supply up to around 23% of UK electricity, although by then demand may have risen slightly, so say just 20%.  For comparison, Germany has 32GW of PV at present, which sometimes supplies nearly 50% of its electricity needs.

Globally there is over 100GW of PV in use, and its adoption in accelerating, as costs fall.  The World Energy Council notes that in one its new scenarios ‘by 2050, globally, almost as much electricity is produced from solar PV as from coal,’ and Shells recent Oceans scenario envisaged solar as being the largest single energy source globally by 2060. Large and small, PV looks good.

That said there are some drawbacks. PV cells don't work at night and light intensity varies a lot during the day and over the year. That means that there will be a need for costly backup and grid balancing if there is a large PV contribution, much more than is needed for wind, which is often strong at night and certainly during the winter when energy demand is high. But PV does match well to some energy loads- daytime offices and their summer air-conditioning especially. And as cost continue to fall, and grid balancing and energy storage systems spread, PV can make a significant contribution.

Interestingly, the Solar Trade Association (STA) claims that the cost of PV will fall below the £92.5/MWh CfD strike price set for the proposed new Hinkley nuclear plant by 2018- 5 years before its expected to start up (in 2023) if it get EC permission. www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/guest_blog/solar_set_to_beat_nuclear_on_headline_strike_price_by_2018_never_mind_2023

DECC seem to have backed a looser there. And that is assuming all goes well with getting the finance for Hinkley agreed with the EU and then getting the plant built without delays. It could be a lot later and the price could escalate, as has happened with the EPRs being built in France and Finland.  For the UK, the tragedy is that under the CfD 35 year contracts, consumers will be locked into paying (EDF) for it until 2058, assuming a 2023 startup! The STA may be optimistic in its forecast for PV cost reductions, but by 2023, PV and on-land wind do look like beating the Hinkley CfD price and offshore wind shouldn’t be far behind, followed a bit later by wave and tidal. And by 2058, if it goes ahead, Hinkley is going to look decidedly out of place- with supposedly 25 years more then still to run! Maybe it will go bust and be shut early, and the large site will be converted in to solar farm or wind farm…We could of course do that now and avoid paying £1bn a year to EDF for it!  Amusingly, that's just what UK PV company Lightsource has suggested. It wrote to David Cameron claiming that PV could match the output of Hinkley within two years at comparable cost. http://www.clickgreen.org.uk/opinion/opinion/123982-renewable-energy-boss-tells-pm-solar-power-could-match-hinkley-in-2-years.html

That may be overstating the case, but it does look like PV is going to be big, even in the  cloudy UK. And maybe bigger than nuclear, with, as in Germany, much of the running being made by individuals and groups buying into it. Half a million UK consumers who had enough disposable income have already invested in PV systems- bringing the total to around 2.7 GW so far. It’s cold just now in wintery Britain, but sunny. Good PV weather. And PV can only get better.

Time for Plan B

The UK now gets over 11% of its electricity from renewables (indeed in the last quarter it went up to 15%), including from around 10GW of wind capacity and 2.4 GW of solar PV. And it could continue to expand rapidly. National Grid’s 2013 edition of their ‘future energy scenarios’ has renewables supplying 34% of total energy by 2035 in their ‘Gone green’ scenario, with 60GW of wind, gas
heating almost totally replaced by electric heat pumps and around 17GW of domestic PV installed.
 www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/2450AADD-FBA3-49C1-8D63-7160A081C1F2/61591/UKFES2013FINAL3.pdf   

Wind  is certainly seen as likely to get big. DECC’s new ‘high wind’ scenario has 39GW of offshore wind by 2030, though DECC stresses that it’s scenarios are not targets- markets will decide on the mix! www.gov.uk/government/consultations/consultation-on-the-draft-electricity-market-reform-delivery  And DECC now say PV solar might reach 10GW or even 20GW by 2020…

Certainly, a cross-party think tank Policy Connect says that renewables like wind and PV might have to take on even more of a role. It says the government must develop in effect a renewables-focused ‘Plan B’ in case nuclear and Carbon Capture and Storage do not deliver as much as hoped. The report says ‘The Government expects that nuclear power is likely to provide the majority of additional low carbon electricity between 2020 and 2030. However, should costs or deliverability prevent this from happening, more low carbon electricity from renewables or fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage will be needed to meet carbon objectives.’ It claims that should nuclear, fossil fuels with CCS fail to deliver, ‘renewables could provide between 45 and 55% of total [electricity] generation by 2030’. That includes 10% from biomass.

The report calls on ministers to begin work with industry and academia to identify suitable "no and low regrets" investments and develop policies to encourage these options more . As it stands at present, the report warns that a lack of certainty over the policy environment post 2020 will make it harder to mobilise the necessary investment in renewables and that investment opportunities ‘could be missed, delayed or more expensive if there is insufficient confidence about long term demand for key technologies, such as offshore wind.’ It says ‘work by Government to help incentivise these investments would increase the likelihood that technology cost reductions are achieved and help mitigate against high costs if new nuclear or carbon capture and storage development fail or are delayed’.

The report says that the initial extra cost could be more than offset by energy efficiency savings, and, longer term, investing more in renewables would help avoid bill increases driven by fossil fuels. www.policyconnect.org.uk/cc/research/report-future-electricity-series-part-2-power-renewables

Well it may now be time to put this plan into action. The long drawn out negotiations with EDF over the proposed new EPR nuclear replant at Hinkley have delivered a very high cost package, including an offer of an extra £10bn in  investment risk reducing loan guarantees and a high level of long term (35 year) revenue support via the Contracts for a Difference system. And some funding from China. For future UK reactors, efforts are being made to get even more backing from foreign sources, including (once again) China (despite even more misgivings about handing over control over the development and management of  key infrastructure to  oversea powers), Japan (for upgraded versions of the Fukushima type of Boiling Water Reactor), and even Russia (for their VVER design, which is said to be vastly safer that than the Chernobyl design).

Inward investment may have its merits, but the UK’s attempt to get private funding for new nuclear from overseas, by offering juicy subsidies to be paid for by UK taxpayers and consumers, is sounding increasingly desperate, with any pretence that this is about competitive markets having been abandoned. Asked in parliament in September whether, prior to entering into negotiations with a single company for a new nuclear plant at Hinkley, DECC had invited tenders or expressions of interest from other companies, as required under Article 8 of EC Directive 2009/72, Energy Minister Michael Fallon said: ‘We do not consider that the potential investment contract for Hinkley Point C falls within the scope of Article 8. The investment contract, if agreed, is designed to be a market-based intervention to provide price stability for nuclear generation during the transition to a low carbon economy’.  The interventionist approach, what some have called ‘administrative pricing’,  though dressed up as all being about free markets, has gone so far that there has even been calls to go it alone completely- and state fund new nuclear projects.  

^{www.utilityweek.co.uk/news/news_story.asp?id=198843&title=Come+back+CEGB.}

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/10289972/Set-up-Olympics-style-body-for-new-nuclear-says-John-Armitt.html

The Engineer, wryly, said that in fact, with mostly state owned EDF, and now China, running the show, that had already happened: ‘we’ve now arrived at a situation where our nuclear sector is nationalised, just not by us.  Perhaps the ultimate irony is that with the emergence of China as a UK nuclear player, we now appear to be destined to entrust large chunks of our future energy infrastructure to an autocratic communist regime’.  http://www.theengineer.co.uk/opinion/comment/missing-the-hinkley-point/1017346.article?cmpdate=Wednesday%20Agenda:%20Wednesday%20Agenda:%20Missing%20the%20Hinkley%20point&cmpid=tenews_21854 

And all this for new very expensive and as yet mostly untried technology. It is true that some ABWRs have been built in Japan and elsewhere, although some have performed very poorly, but there are as yet no Westinghouse AP 1000’s running anywhere and the delays and cost over-runs faced by the French and Finnish EPRs have become increasingly surreal.  In the USA, where, for good or ill, market discipline may have more power, old plants are being closed early, plans for new plants abandoned and  EDF have finally concluded that there is  ‘no room for nuclear to expand in the U.S. at this time’ and it would instead focus there on renewables. Maybe the UK should do the same. And redeploy some of massive effort it has put into trying to push nuclear ahead to an accelerated renewables programme.  After all the UK does have the EU best offshore wind, wave and tidal resources and the (marine) engineering expertise to develop them. Surely that’s far better than importing French, US, Japanese or even Russian nuclear technology?  Or are we now the only country in the western EU where they can be dumped, with UK consumers and taxpayers picking up the ever expanding bill ? Renewables won’t be cheap, at least initially, but I know what I’d rather pay for!

For more, see my new book on Renewables. http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-750-31040-6

The UK energy mess

-->It is no secret that UK energy policy is in a bit of a mess, or to put it more politely, in a state of flux, with regular U-turns, backtracks and delays. The media has focused on the big supply side issues- and the contests between nuclear, wind and shale gas, with the government seeming to back all, but actually favoring some more than others. For example, £10 billion has been offered to EDF to underwrite the risks of building nuclear plants, shale gas will get major tax concessions, while David Cameron was quoted in a the Telegraph (19/8/13) as saying ‘There’s a limited potential for onshore wind. We’ve just changed the rules, we’ve cut the subsidies and we’ve said that any schemes that go ahead have to give more benefit to local communities. So I wouldn’t expect to see a lot more wind power onshore in the UK.’ DECC also seemed to be unmoved by the Climate Change Committee’s warning that the proposed 13% reduction in CfD support for offshore wind over the next five years might be excessive, and that ‘without a commitment to ongoing investment in the 2020s, incentives for supply chain investment and project development are weak, and commercialisation of offshore wind is at risk’.

With several backers having abandoned the nuclear option, shale gas in some disarray and investment in wind uncertain, we still don’t know which way it will go. Similarly there has also been plenty of uncertainty in relation to the policies and programmes on domestic energy use. Take for example the high profile Green Deal domestic energy upgrade commercial loan scheme (so far a damp squib, with few takers), the already watered down Zero Carbon Homes programme for new build (now further diluted, with the Code for Sustainable Housing likely to be abandoned) and the massive £12bn smart meter roll out programme (delayed for a year due to ‘logistic problems’ and to allow for more tests).

That's not to say that improved versions of some of these ideas might not work. For example, DECC seems to have had a bit more success with the Green Deal when it involved local councils; allowing imports into homes from wind farms might help deal with the latter’s surplus generation (e.g. at night); and more advanced interactive smart meters could enable dynamic demand side management, leading to real savings (see this admittedly crude diy game: www.thegengame.com/Pages/default.aspx)

However what we seem to have seen is, arguably, ill-thought through big new policies coming unstuck, with usually academics and/or the industry/trade pointing out the problems. For example, few thought it would be possible for all new build homes to be fully zero carbon by 2016 using just in/on-house technology and few saw the rather dumb smart meters that were to be rolled out as benefiting consumers or saving much energy. Even relatively sensible ideas like the Renewable Heat Incentive have had problems- the start up of the full domestic scheme has been continually delayed and now is not expected until next year.

You might see all this as just the inevitable glitches that will occur with any new policies and programmes, but equally the reversals, revisions and delays do seem to indicate deeper problems. Basically, and putting it very simply, DECC is trying to launch green energy schemes with (the RHI aside) minimum direct state funding, passing on costs where it can to developers and/or consumers, whereas in the case of nuclear and shale gas it seems to be willing to offer public funds.  But, horror of horrors, even that may not work!  There is though some good news. Offshore wind is doing well (3.6GW so far) and so is PV solar (over 2.3 GW now installed). But the former is mainly due to the efforts of overseas companies, and the later is despite DECCs attempts to throttle back growth with cuts in the FiT for PV.

It gets worse. In the Draft Deregulation Bill, ostensibly an attempt to cut ‘red tape’, there is a proposal to omit from the Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006, a duty on the Secretary of State with respect to the promotion of community energy projects and a duty with respect to promoting the use of heat produced from renewable sources. See www.gov.uk/government/publications/draft-deregulation-bill  Surely community energy projects, for heat and power, are one of the key hopes for the future? And even DECC is now pushing green heat up the agenda- hence the RHI.

If you are dismayed by the situation, and the conflicting messages and policies, you might like to look at my new book on Renewables, now out, which reviews an alternative set of options.  Access at http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-750-31040-6   It may not go down well in some circles.  

The Observers Business leader column (Aug 25^th, 2013) said ‘If there is a body of opinion that states that wind farms and energy efficiency can fill the looming energy gap, then it is small and deeply unrepresentative’ while Energy Secretary Ed Davey is reported to have said that it would be ‘unimaginably’ hard to create a zero-carbon Britain without getting electricity from nuclear.   Well, as you will see if you read the new book, I don't agree.  There really are viable, affordable and sustainable alternatives. After all, if Germany can aim to get 80% of its electricity from renewables by 2050, then the UK, which has a far better renewable energy resource base, should be able to do at least as well, and like Germany, phase out nuclear.  Like them, we need to switch over to ‘Plan B’, based on renewables and efficiency.

Green power the politics of hope

 

Around 60 countries around the world already get over 60% of their power from renewables, mostly hydro, some near 100%: http://k.lenz.name/LB/?p=6525. And there are dozens of studies suggesting that it is credible to get 100% of electricity and perhaps all energy by 2050, across the EU and also possibly globally: www.mng.org.uk/gh/scenarios.htm.

Yet another paper has emerged to add to the pile, although this new one, by US academics Mark Delucchi and Mark Jacobson in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 69(4) pp30-40, mainly re-presents results from their earlier studies in summary form, with some extensions. But what it says, bluntly, is that ‘energy systems worldwide can be run entirely on wind, water, and solar power’ – without any nuclear.

These ‘100% renewables by 2050’ assessments certainly give a very positive view of the potential and costs of renewables. Some may be too optimistic. That was what Australian academic Ted Trainer argued last year in a critique of Delucchi and Jacobson’s earlier  ‘100% renewables’ paper in Energy Policy, claiming that they had not dealt with intermittency and costs sufficiently, although these authors came back with a fairly convincing rebuttal. Trainer had argued that renewable energy could supply the world only if the world ‘embraces frugal lifestyles, small and highly self-sufficient local economies, and participatory and co-operative ways in an overall economy that is not driven by growth or market forces’. Delucchi and Jacobson say ‘This vision may or may not be desirable, but it was found in our study not to be necessary in order to power the world economically with wind, water, and solar energy’.

Given that developers, promoters and enthusiasts can overstate their case, Trainer may be right to warn us not oversell what renewables can do. However he may also risk undermining them. Indeed, it is almost as if he does not want renewables to work, so we have to get on with the more important social changes. Certainly some see radical social and lifestyle changes as vital and as part of an urgent political and economic process of change. But most would include renewables as a central part of that transition.

Clearly there is plenty of room for debate, and to an extent, the various contrarians, from their various political viewpoints, make a contribution, even if it is not always a welcome one. There have been strong rebuttals of some contrarian views, but there is a healthy, if at times rather bilious, debate going on, much of it on the internet. Some of it is technical, some of it political.

Perhaps inevitably, there will always be some uncertainty, disagreement, prejudices and odd distortions, even when it comes to what might seem like purely technical issues. For example, those who are confident about the prospects for developing high temperature liquid sodium cooled fast breeders, or molten flouride salt thorium reactors, may sometimes a little oddly baulk at the technical difficulties they see as being associated with what are surely relatively much less complex wind, wave and tidal technology. More generally, it is possible to run energy scenarios with very different outcomes, based on differing assumptions about what is technically and economically credible. There is an element of judgement involved.

Objectivity, while very desirable, is sometimes quite hard to sustain, and indeed may not always be possible, especially when thinking about future systems and developments.

We may still need faith and hope, even in matters of technology.  That links to a current contention in policy circles that care has to be taken to avoid ‘optimism bias’. On balance, I think I would prefer to avoid ‘pessimism bias’.  For example, as REN21 has pointed out, in 2000 the International Energy Agency projected 34 GW of wind power globally by 2010, while the actual level reached was 200 GW. The World Bank in 1996 projected 9 GW of wind power and 0.5 GW of solar PV in China by 2020, while the actual levels reached in 2011, nine years early, were 62 GW of wind power and 3 GW of solar PV. Looking to the future, in 2012 REN21 interviewed 170 energy experts, and found that most industry experts believed that the world could reach at least 30–50% shares of renewables, while some experts advocated 100% or near-100% futures.

As I say in my new book on renewables, which is out next week, I support the latter view and I end it by quoting Bertrand Russell’s dictum that ‘Science may set limits to knowledge, but should not set limits to imagination’.

Refs

Trainer, T (2010) ‘Can renewables etc. solve the greenhouse problem? The negative case’, Energy Policy, Volume 38, Issue 8, August , pp4107–4114 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421510002004

For a summary see http://www.countercurrents.org/trainer090710.htm

Trainer, T (2012) ‘A critique of Jacobson and Delucchi's proposals for a world renewable energy supply’, Energy Policy, Volume 44, May, pp 476–481, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511007269

Delucchi, M  and Jacobson, M (2012) Response to ‘A critique of Jacobson and Delucchi’s proposals for a world renewable energy supply’, Energy Policy 44,  pp 482-484, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511008731

 For Trainers reaction see http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512008658

My new book, ‘Renewables; a review of sustainable energy supply options’ is published by the Institute of Physics. http://ioppublishing.org/publications/books

The above draws on its last chapter.

Nuclear madness- and its alternative

 A poll by ICM for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers back in May found that 43% of the public would support a Government subsidy for the construction of new nuclear power plants in the UK –compared with 28% who said they would not. Supporters saw it as a secure supply of electricity (70%); as low carbon (55%); reliable (50%); providing jobs (50%); and as cheaper than other forms of electricity generation (43%). Opponents saw it as dangerous (73%) and as having waste issues (70%). Under 25%  of them cited costs. IMechE felt  this meant even a generous EDF deal would therefore not be a major issue http://www.imeche.org/news/archives/2013/05/28/Public_backs_Government_subsidy_for_new_nuclear

It is still in negotiation, but, if it does go through, EDF may well get at least as much as on-land wind, and over a much longer contract period. That of course ought to open up the issue of why there is allegedly so much opposition to investing in renewables, all of which are (and will remain) much lower carbon, most of which will cost less long term and none of which produce dangerous long lived wastes.

Nuclear power is expensive and getting more so. Whereas most energy technologies get cheaper as they develop (typically learning curve slopes of 20%) nuclear has demonstrated a negative learning curve- construction cost have gone up not down, doubling in many cases. Moreover, at current use rates, with current plant design, we have maybe 80 years of high-grade ore left, globally, so its price will rise. If we expand the use of nuclear, the fuel reserves will be depleted faster. Nuclear is not carbon free- it needs energy to mine and process the uranium fuel, and as the ore grades decline you need more energy, most of which will continue to come from fossil sources. Although nuclear or renewable sources could provide this energy, the EROEI 'energy return on energy invested’ ratio will continue to fall- it's around 16:1 at present but would fall to 5:1 or lower with low grade ore. To the point when it's not worth doing. New nuclear technology may reduce or delay some of these problems, but at unknown cost and with as yet unknown side effects - and EROEIs. And nuclear waste?  Still with us for millennia, with, for the UK, a £80-90bn clean up bill for the mess for far.  Plus the risk always of a major accident- Fukushima will cost around £250bn. Renewable energy does not have these problems. It’s available now. Some options are already cheaper than nuclear and all are getting cheaper. Winds EROEI is put at 40-80, depending on location, solar PV up to 25. Energy saving can have EROIEs of 50-100. Why bother with nuclear?

That is clearly not what DECC thinks. There is even talk of a 75GW by 2050 nuclear programme, at a time when most of the rest of the EU is exiting from nuclear as fast as it can  www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/168047/bis-13-630-long-term-nuclear-energy-strategy.pdf   That could increase the amount of high level waste we had to deal with by more than ten times, and we still have no idea where any of it can go long term. www.nuclearenergyinsider.com/nuclear-spent-fuel-management-forum/pdf/SpentFuelStorage.pdf

Meanwhile, the UK has taken over plutonium from overseas sources, currently stored at Sellafield. It’s nearly 3 tonnes of material that evidently no one (except maybe N Korea and Iran) now wants, but the UK can perhaps use it to make MOX, although no one wants MOX much now (after Fukushima), and so the UK will store it, along with the118 tonnes of UK Pu, at £2bn p.a. cost, in case we can find a use for it, maybe in a breeder reactor. You couldn’t make it up! The new ownership deal will avoid swops/risky movements, but actually some MOX has just been sent to Japan under an earlier contract. It’s not clear if they will need it. www.parliament.uk/documents/ commons-vote-office/April_2013/23-4-13/4-DECC-OverseasPlutonium.pdf 

Though of course it may help temporarily avoid another problem- the looming shortage of uranium. Dr. Michael Dittmar, from the CERN nuclear labs in Geneva, has suggested that ‘It will be difficult to avoid supply shortages even under a slow 1%/ year worldwide nuclear energy phase-out scenario up to 2025’ and has therefore called for  a rapid worldwide nuclear energy phase-out. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713004579’

It’s hard to make sense of much of this, especially given that the UK has the EU’s best renewables resources, so far hardly tapped.  The UK is near the bottom of the EU league in terms of capacity so far developed, only beating Malta and Luxembourg. Perhaps then getting out of the EU is the only answer! Then, as UKIP and some Tories want, we can pursue nuclear power in splendid isolation and forget about renewables.

There is an alternative, as I outline in a new book, out soon. It notes that renewable sources of energy are increasingly being used around the world, with many countries already getting more than 60% of their power from renewables and some aiming for 80% or more by 2050, with no nuclear. It explains how and why this expansion can and should continue and indeed accelerate. It looks at the basic technological options and at what is happening around the world, so as to convey the sense of excitement that abounds in this new area of technological development.  But it also looks at the problems, including local environmental impacts and the need to deal with the variability of some renewable energy sources. It concludes that, despite the problems, so far, with often very minimal support, renewables have demonstrated that they can develop rapidly and that there is potential for even more rapid expansion around the world. And it argues that renewables, along with energy efficiency, should now be given a chance, and the necessary funding, to show what they can do. We don't need nuclear.  We do have a choice.

Even so, there is no avoiding it: for the moment a sizeable part of the UK public has been won over to supporting nuclear, with opposition down to 20%, according to a recent Ipsos-mori poll. But it found that support for building new nuclear stations has fallen by 8% in the last year to 42%. Although there was no corresponding groundswell of opposition, the undecided or neutral proportion of the population has grown to 38%, up 8% since 2011, the highest measured in a decade of polls. It seems conflicting views/messages have produce uncertainty!  Maybe there is hope yet.

www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/3128/Support-for-new-nuclear-energy-slips-as-indecision-mounts.aspx 

My new e-book ‘Renewables: a review of sustainable energy options’, is being published by the Institute of Physics. Out soon.